Autistic Research on Writing Network (ARWN)

This international collaboration between autistic and non-autistic scholars aims to develop a comprehensive understanding of the heterogeneity present in the writing skills of autistic adolescents

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Current project

Measuring Autistic Writing Skills

Combining perspectives from neurodiversity advocates, autism researchers, and writing theories

Background and Overview

Writing is often a complex activity that requires an individual to craft effective text for a variety of purposes and situations. Individuals may find writing difficult for a variety of reasons, and studies suggest that individuals with disabilities may be most at risk for demonstrating significant challenges with writing [3].

To write, we all rely on internal traits and external influences [1]

A diagram of cognitive processes , social and historical factors , and interact to facilitate writing development.

Writing is an important skill.

It is often a vehicle for [2]

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The Writing Skills of Autistic People

Researchers suggest that some Autistic people are excellent writers, while others find writing quite challenging.


It is ironic that while researchers often describe autism and writing in similar terms (i.e., both are complex and multifaceted), the published research base often fails to capture these complexities. Common concerns with previous studies include:

A sign that says studies tend to treat autism as a homogeneous group
While overlooking or deemphasizing the significant heterogeneity present within the autistic community
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Tendency to collect data on only a few of the factors influencing writing skills

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Tendency to collect small, ill-matched groups of participants

The current study

This project will be the first large-scale mixed-method study to comprehensively examine autistic written language development among autistic youths with a focus on understanding the intersections between writing products, writing processes, and writing and autistic identity.


To gain a thorough understanding of the varied writing abilities among autistic adolescents, we will use a range of methods and include first-hand accounts that show how autistic people use writing in different situations.

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We will recruit 150 autistic teens

  • Between the ages of 14 - 17 years
  • From across Canada and the United States

Project Aims

Create Writing Profiles

Identify writing subgroups among our sample of autistic adolescent writers and explore important relationships among the numerous factors that support the development of writing skills (See graphic below)

Capture Firsthand Accounts

Across a series of interviews, we will ask autistic teens to reflect on their writing processes, writing strategies, and personal writing successes

Create Digital Stories

We will recruit ten autistic teens who want to become digital storytellers. In a series of workshops, teens will create short digital stories about their experiences as writers

A diagram of the writing profiles of a child.

Autistic Empowerment

This project aims to empower autistic individuals in two main ways:

Autistic Community Partners (ACP)

...by recruiting three autistic adults and two autistic adolescents to act as co-researchers on this project

ACPs will help shape our research study from design to publication

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While also building new competencies and professional skills

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Digital Storytelling Workshops

...by providing ten autistic teens the opportunity to develop digital storytelling skills

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A small group of autistic teens will create and share short digital stories about their experiences as writers. These stories will help create new understandings of neurodivergence and challenge common assumptions about autistic individuals.


By actively participating in the creation process of digital storytelling, these autistic teens will develop stronger 21st century literacy skills (i.e., digital, global, technological, visual and information literacy skills) and enhanced communication skills as they work together to organize their ideas, express opinions, share feedback, and ultimately construct meaningful digital narratives.

Our Digital Stories aim to:

1. Dispel myths about autistic writers

2. Describe specific challenges they faced in educational settings and how they successfully overcame them


3. Showcase autistic strengths

4. Offer recommendations and strategies to other autistic youth on strategies to develop and refine their writing skills

The project takes a community-driven approach in response to calls from the autistic community and professional organizations.

Autistic perspectives will be incorporated throughout the research process, ensuring:

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The project involves partnerships with multiple institutions of higher education across Canada and the United States, bringing together expertise in...

A diagram showing the stages of child development and autism

Heather M. Brown, PhD

Associate Professor

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Matthew C. Zajic, PhD

Assistant Professor

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Kristie Asaro-Saddler, PhD

Associate Professor

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Narmene Hamsho, PhD

Assistant Professor

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Patty Douglas, PhD

Associate Professor

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Léonie Hoveling-Hofmann

PhD student

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Juliette Gudknecht

PhD student

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References


  1. Graham S. A Revised Writer(s)-Within-Community Model of Writing. Educational Psychologist 2018;53(4):258-79 doi:10.1080/00461520.2018.1481406[published Online First: Epub Date]|.
  2. Bazerman C, Applebee AN, Berninger VW, et al. The lifespan development of writing: National Council of Teachers of English Urbana, IL, 2018.
  3. Finnegan E, Accardo AL. Written Expression in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Meta- Analysis. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 2018;48(3):868-82 doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3385-9[published Online First: Epub Date]|.
  4. Zajic MC, Wilson SE. Writing research involving children with autism spectrum disorder without a co-occurring intellectual disability: A systematic review using a language domains and mediational systems framework. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders 2020;70:101471 doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2019.101471[published Online First: Epub Date] .
  5. Hacking I. Autistic autobiography. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 2009;364(1522):1467-73
  6. Kim SY, Bottema-Beutel K. Negotiation of Individual and Collective Identities in the Online Discourse of Autistic Adults. Autism in Adulthood 2019;1(1):69-78 doi: 10.1089/aut.2018.0029[published Online First: Epub Date]|.
  7. Van Goidsenhoven L. ‘Autie-Biographies’: Life Writing Genres and Strategies from an Autistic Perspective. Journal of Language, Literature and Culture 2017;64(2):79-95 doi:10.1080/20512856.2017.1348054[published Online First: Epub Date]|.
  8. Zajic MC, Asaro-Saddler K. Issue Editors Foreword Supporting Writers Across the Autism Spectrum. Topics in Language Disorders April/June 2019;39(2):123-27
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